L discs and facet joints [8]. In general, pharmacological treatment (e.g. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, COX2-inhibitors) will decrease the pain intensity as the underlying pathophysiology is reversible. Neuropathic pain occurs as a resultSensory Profiles in Axial Low Back Painof injured afferent nerves [9]. According to a new concept, neuropathic pain components also contribute to back pain. Thus, back pain can be classified as a mixed pain syndrome in which the overall pain perception of the patients underlies nociceptive and neuropathic pathophysiological mechanisms [10,11]. The question arises whether mixed pathophysiological mechanisms contribute also to axial back pain. This entity has long been considered as purely nociceptive but clinical and diagnostic findings suggest a neuropathic influence [12]. The heterogeneity of different underlying pain mechanisms reveal a much more complex framework than previously assumed and it might explain why pharmacological treatment is often disappointing. When back pain patients describe their discomfort they frequently use different KDM5A-IN-1 site descriptors for pain qualities and sensory symptoms in various combinations. For nociceptive pain these descriptors include constant aching pain which is located deeply in the back, shooting pain attacks which are often elicited by slight movements or pain which is induced by a slight pressure stimulus at the back. Neuropathic pain components are often associated with burning and tingling sensations [13]. The patient’s experience of pain is interindividually different. However, they use the same descriptors for pain states that could mechanistically be added to either neuropathic or nociceptive conditions when asked to describe their pain symptoms. [14]. It has been suggested that a symptom constellation (profile) allows better approximation to the underlying pathophysiological process in the afferent system than definite single sensory symptoms [14?6]. The painDETECT questionnaire (PD-Q) was designed to screen for neuropathic pain on such considerations. It allows discrimination between neuropathic and nociceptive pain components in chronic pain syndromes through a score system based on 9 questions (7 pain descriptor questions and two concerning radiation and pain course). A validation study was performed in back pain patients [17]. Here, it was found that 37 of an unselected low back pain PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor 1 cohort (n = 7772) showed a predominant neuropathic pain component. This subgroup suffered from higher pain intensities, too. The pain descriptor questions from the PD-Q can be used to create symptom profiles via statistical cluster analyses that are indicative of neuropathic or nociceptive pain [17]. A precise assessment of the somatosensory profile in back pain patients may help to understand the contribution of nociceptive and neuropathic pain components to the overall back pain. Additionally, comorbidities (e.g. depression, sleep disturbances) have a higher prevalence in neuropathic pain syndromes compared to a matched population [7,18]. Previous analyses of low back pain painDETECT data revealed a higher prevalence of depression, panic and anxiety disorders and sleep disorders [17,19]. Also, patients with radiculopathy showed similar frequencies of co-morbidities as classical neuropathic pain syndromes [20]. Subsequently the patients description of symptoms might be used to develop a personalized and mechanism-oriented treatment concept for back pain patients in the.L discs and facet joints [8]. In general, pharmacological treatment (e.g. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, COX2-inhibitors) will decrease the pain intensity as the underlying pathophysiology is reversible. Neuropathic pain occurs as a resultSensory Profiles in Axial Low Back Painof injured afferent nerves [9]. According to a new concept, neuropathic pain components also contribute to back pain. Thus, back pain can be classified as a mixed pain syndrome in which the overall pain perception of the patients underlies nociceptive and neuropathic pathophysiological mechanisms [10,11]. The question arises whether mixed pathophysiological mechanisms contribute also to axial back pain. This entity has long been considered as purely nociceptive but clinical and diagnostic findings suggest a neuropathic influence [12]. The heterogeneity of different underlying pain mechanisms reveal a much more complex framework than previously assumed and it might explain why pharmacological treatment is often disappointing. When back pain patients describe their discomfort they frequently use different descriptors for pain qualities and sensory symptoms in various combinations. For nociceptive pain these descriptors include constant aching pain which is located deeply in the back, shooting pain attacks which are often elicited by slight movements or pain which is induced by a slight pressure stimulus at the back. Neuropathic pain components are often associated with burning and tingling sensations [13]. The patient’s experience of pain is interindividually different. However, they use the same descriptors for pain states that could mechanistically be added to either neuropathic or nociceptive conditions when asked to describe their pain symptoms. [14]. It has been suggested that a symptom constellation (profile) allows better approximation to the underlying pathophysiological process in the afferent system than definite single sensory symptoms [14?6]. The painDETECT questionnaire (PD-Q) was designed to screen for neuropathic pain on such considerations. It allows discrimination between neuropathic and nociceptive pain components in chronic pain syndromes through a score system based on 9 questions (7 pain descriptor questions and two concerning radiation and pain course). A validation study was performed in back pain patients [17]. Here, it was found that 37 of an unselected low back pain cohort (n = 7772) showed a predominant neuropathic pain component. This subgroup suffered from higher pain intensities, too. The pain descriptor questions from the PD-Q can be used to create symptom profiles via statistical cluster analyses that are indicative of neuropathic or nociceptive pain [17]. A precise assessment of the somatosensory profile in back pain patients may help to understand the contribution of nociceptive and neuropathic pain components to the overall back pain. Additionally, comorbidities (e.g. depression, sleep disturbances) have a higher prevalence in neuropathic pain syndromes compared to a matched population [7,18]. Previous analyses of low back pain painDETECT data revealed a higher prevalence of depression, panic and anxiety disorders and sleep disorders [17,19]. Also, patients with radiculopathy showed similar frequencies of co-morbidities as classical neuropathic pain syndromes [20]. Subsequently the patients description of symptoms might be used to develop a personalized and mechanism-oriented treatment concept for back pain patients in the.
