Of associations by clinical T stage or by grade. Interactions were explored using Cochran homogeneity tests. In cases of interaction, if association was estimated to be in opposite direction, subgroup analysis by stratumwas performed. Fisher’s exact tests were used when the sample size per stratum was too small. The magnitude of the association is expressed as an adjusted 
odds ratio (OR), comparing the odds of FGFR3 mutation in the tumours with wild-type and mutated TP53. Adjusted ORs were estimated from the 1676428 contingency table. A significance threshold of 5 was used for all global tests. Subgroup analyses (defined by stage, grade or a combination of both) were adjusted for multiple testing, by the Bonferroni method, assuming the tests to be independent.Supporting InformationTable S1 Overview of FGFR3 mutations studies in bladdercarcinoma. (DOC)Table S2 Overview of TP53 mutations studies in bladdercarcinoma. (DOC)FGFR3 and TP53 Mutations in Bladder CancerTable S3 Overview of FGFR3 and TP53 mutations in bladderAcknowledgmentsWe thank Gaelle Mirin Pierron for assistance with TP53 mutation analysis. The ?“bladderCIT” buy AZ 876 unpublished work is part of the Cartes d’Identite des Tumeurs H ?(CIT) national program. We thank Pierre Hainaut for his advice.carcinoma in the two unpublished studies. (DOC)Table S4 Available individual data from unpublished, Bakkar,Lindgren, Ouerhani, and Zieger studies. (DOC)Table S5 Joint distribution of FGFR3 and P53 mutations frequencies by stage (T) and grade (G) group. (DOC)Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: YN XP SO YA FR. Performed the experiments: HS MS YD VM AH MLL PM AR DV AB NK. Analyzed the data: PMA HdT CCA BA AEG KL AL SB TL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: XP FR. Wrote the paper: YN XP FR.
RNA synthesis is a conserved biochemical reaction mediated by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP) in all organisms. In the 3 steps of transcription–initiation, elongation, and termination–a host of transcription factors interact with RNAP and regulate its enzymatic activity. Transcription elongation factor GreA, also named as transcription cleavage factor, is one of the conserved factors in nascent mRNA synthesis [1?]. GreA was first reported as a 158 amino acid product of the greA gene that can suppress the temperature-sensitive mutation in the RNA polymerase b subunit [1]. Borukhov et al. demonstrated that GreA can induce cleavage and removal of 39-proximal dinucleotides from the nascent RNA, which allows the newly generated 39-terminus to be extended into longer transcripts. This step appears to allow the transcriptional ternary complex to resume transcription from the indefinite elongation arrest often induced by a specific DNA site [4]. GreA was also reported to cleave transcripts containing misincorporated residues preferentially in the inactivated state of elongation, which increases transcription fidelity and may also prevent formation of “dead-ends” in vivo [2]. Besides, GreA and its homolog, GreB, are also involved in the transition from transcription initiation to elongation [5], as they may facilitate the escape of the RNAP complex from certainpromoters. Both proteins have also been reported to act as transient catalytic components of RNA polymerase [6]. The crystal structures of GreA in Escherichia coli [7] and its paralog Gfh1 in Thermus aquaticus [8] have an overall “L-shaped” structure composed of a C-terminal domain (CTD) and an Nterminal domain (NTD). Interestingly.Of associations by clinical T stage or by grade. Interactions were explored using Cochran homogeneity tests. In cases of interaction, if association was estimated to be in opposite direction, subgroup analysis by stratumwas performed. Fisher’s exact tests were used when the sample size per stratum was too small. The magnitude of the association is expressed as an adjusted odds ratio (OR), comparing the odds of FGFR3 mutation in the tumours with wild-type and mutated TP53. Adjusted ORs were estimated from the 1676428 contingency table. A significance threshold of 5 was used for all global tests. Subgroup analyses (defined by stage, grade or a combination of both) were adjusted for multiple testing, by the Bonferroni method, assuming the tests to be independent.Supporting InformationTable S1 Overview of FGFR3 mutations studies in bladdercarcinoma. (DOC)Table S2 Overview of TP53 mutations studies in bladdercarcinoma. (DOC)FGFR3 and TP53 Mutations in Bladder CancerTable S3 Overview of FGFR3 and TP53 mutations in bladderAcknowledgmentsWe thank Gaelle Pierron for assistance with TP53 mutation analysis. The ?“bladderCIT” unpublished work is part of the Cartes d’Identite des Tumeurs H ?(CIT) national program. We thank Pierre Hainaut for his advice.carcinoma in the two unpublished studies. (DOC)Table S4 Available individual data from unpublished, Bakkar,Lindgren, Ouerhani, and Zieger studies. (DOC)Table S5 Joint distribution of FGFR3 and P53 mutations frequencies by stage (T) and grade (G) group. (DOC)Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: YN XP SO YA FR. Performed the experiments: HS MS YD VM AH MLL PM AR DV AB NK. Analyzed the data: PMA HdT CCA BA AEG KL AL SB TL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: XP FR. Wrote the paper: YN XP FR.
RNA synthesis is a conserved biochemical reaction mediated by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP) 
in all organisms. In the 3 steps of transcription–initiation, elongation, and termination–a host of transcription factors interact with RNAP and regulate its enzymatic activity. Transcription elongation factor GreA, also named as transcription cleavage factor, is one of the conserved factors in nascent mRNA synthesis [1?]. GreA was first reported as a 158 amino acid product of the greA gene that can suppress the temperature-sensitive mutation in the RNA polymerase b subunit [1]. Borukhov et al. demonstrated that GreA can induce cleavage and removal of 39-proximal dinucleotides from the nascent RNA, which allows the newly generated 39-terminus to be extended into longer transcripts. This step appears to allow the transcriptional ternary complex to resume transcription from the indefinite elongation arrest often induced by a specific DNA site [4]. GreA was also reported to cleave transcripts containing misincorporated residues preferentially in the inactivated state of elongation, which increases transcription fidelity and may also prevent formation of “dead-ends” in vivo [2]. Besides, GreA and its homolog, GreB, are also involved in the transition from transcription initiation to elongation [5], as they may facilitate the escape of the RNAP complex from certainpromoters. Both proteins have also been reported to act as transient catalytic components of RNA polymerase [6]. The crystal structures of GreA in Escherichia coli [7] and its paralog Gfh1 in Thermus aquaticus [8] have an overall “L-shaped” structure composed of a C-terminal domain (CTD) and an Nterminal domain (NTD). Interestingly.
