In ovary also is responsive to S were seeded on cover-slips, starved and transfected with siRNA as chronic stress. Up to now the impaired ovarian function induced by chronic stress are mainly manifested as inhibition of gonadotropin release in anterior pituitary gland [24?6]. Little is known about the effect of interovarian regulators during chronic stress, although the developments of follicle and oocytes are regulated by both gonadotropin from pituitary gland and paracrine/autocrine regulators in ovary [27]. Many reports had demonstrated that BNDF is a paracrine/autocrine regulator that is required for follicular growth and oocyte development in the mammalian ovary [4?,28,29]. Recently it has been proved that BDNF is involved in not only stress-related mood disorder [13], but also some human reproductive diseases, such as polycystic ovary syndrome [30] and infertility [31]. Our data showed for the first time that BDNF in ovary may be involved in the impaired oocytes developments induced by chronic stress. Some researches showed that BDNF play a role in not only oocytes developmental potential, but also oocyte maturation and early embryo cleavage [4?]. However, our data showed that chronic stress and the decreased BDNF expression induced by chronic stress only accounted for oocytes developmental potential,but didn’t affect oocyte maturation and embryo cleavage. This difference may be explained by using different technique and methods. Contrasted with the technique of in vitro maturation in the above researches [4?], the methods of in vivo maturation in animal model of chronic stress and in vitro parthenogenetic activation were used in our study. There was still a significant decrease in the retrieved oocytes number in BDNF-treated stressed mice as compared to control mice despite a significant increase when compared to stressed mice. These data implied that there may be some other mechanisms involved in the follicular maldevelopment besides BDNF during chronic stress. A study has shown that another ovarian regulator, GDF9 is involved in the follicular maldevelopment induced by chronic stress [9]. Infertile women are usually more depressed, anxious and may be hostile [32,33]. It is likely that stress may have an adverse impact on the IVF outcome in spite of a new meta-analysis which contradicts this Title Loaded From File opinion [34].Our current studies indicate that supplement with intraovarian endocrine/paracrine regulators, such as BDNF, may be beneficial for oocytes developments when gonadotropin is used to hyperstimulate ovaries in women with chronic stress or mood disorder. More direct evidence from humans was expected.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: LMW YSL. Performed the experiments: MHH XHT HH NS RTJ WW. Analyzed the data: LMW MHH XHT. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LMW XHT WW GXZ GPH. Wrote the paper: LMW GXZ.
Americans are increasingly turning to natural product treatments of hypercholesterolemia, yet research to develop natural products as pharmaceuticals has declined in recent years [1], [2], [3]. This is due in part to the emphasis in modern drug discovery on single molecule treatments; when plant material is fractionated to the molecular level, the beneficial effects of the plant are often lost [4] ][6], [2]. However, plant material extracts present an exceedingly large number of natural products to test. Therefore an automated system capable of high-throughput screening would 12926553 be of benefit. While there are many cell-culture systems amenable to highthroughput, automa.In ovary also is responsive to chronic stress. Up to now the impaired ovarian function induced by chronic stress are mainly manifested as inhibition of gonadotropin release in anterior pituitary gland [24?6]. Little is known about the effect of interovarian regulators during chronic stress, although the developments of follicle and oocytes are regulated by both gonadotropin from pituitary gland and paracrine/autocrine regulators in ovary [27]. Many reports had demonstrated that BNDF is a paracrine/autocrine regulator that is required for follicular growth and oocyte development in the mammalian ovary [4?,28,29]. Recently it has been proved that BDNF is involved in not only stress-related mood disorder [13], but also some human reproductive diseases, such as polycystic ovary syndrome [30] and infertility [31]. Our data showed for the first time that BDNF in ovary may be involved in the impaired oocytes developments induced by chronic stress. Some researches showed that BDNF play a role in not only oocytes developmental potential, but also oocyte maturation and early embryo cleavage [4?]. However, our data showed that chronic stress and the decreased BDNF expression induced by chronic stress only accounted for oocytes developmental potential,but didn’t affect oocyte maturation and embryo cleavage. This difference may be explained by using different technique and methods. Contrasted with the technique of in vitro maturation in the above researches [4?], the methods of in vivo maturation in animal model of chronic stress and in vitro parthenogenetic activation were used in our study. There was still a significant decrease in the retrieved oocytes number in BDNF-treated stressed mice as compared to control mice despite a significant increase when compared to stressed mice. These data implied that there may be some other mechanisms involved in the follicular maldevelopment besides BDNF during chronic stress. A study has shown that another ovarian regulator, GDF9 is involved in the follicular maldevelopment induced by chronic stress [9]. Infertile women are usually more depressed, anxious and may be hostile [32,33]. It is likely that stress may have an adverse impact on the IVF outcome in spite of a new meta-analysis which contradicts this opinion [34].Our current studies indicate that supplement with intraovarian endocrine/paracrine regulators, such as BDNF, may be beneficial for oocytes developments when gonadotropin is used to hyperstimulate ovaries in women with chronic stress or mood disorder. More direct evidence from humans was expected.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: LMW YSL. Performed the experiments: MHH XHT HH NS RTJ WW. Analyzed the data: LMW MHH XHT. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LMW XHT WW GXZ GPH. Wrote the paper: LMW GXZ.
Americans are increasingly turning to natural product treatments of hypercholesterolemia, yet research to develop natural products as pharmaceuticals has declined in recent years [1], [2], [3]. This is due in part to the emphasis in modern drug discovery on single molecule treatments; when plant material is fractionated to the molecular level, the beneficial effects of the plant are often lost [4] ][6], [2]. However, plant material extracts present an exceedingly large number of natural products to test. Therefore an automated system capable of high-throughput screening would 12926553 be of benefit. While there are many cell-culture systems amenable to highthroughput, automa.
