members had been up-regulated and 1 member was down-regulated at eight DAH; 1 AP2/EREBP member was up-regulated and 1 member down-regulated at 12 DAH; 2 AP2/EREBP members had been downregulated at 16 DAH. OsEREBP2, which can be significantly inducible in response to ABA [53], was down-regulated at 16 DAH, indicating that OsEREBP2 could possibly play an essential function within the transcriptional network and contribute towards the development of caryopsis. An AP2/ EREBP member RSR1 was reported to be involved in rice chalkiness formation by GLUT3 Purity & Documentation regulating starch synthesis [35]. It suggested that the differentially expression from the AP2/EREBP could contribute to the development of caryopsis. WRKYs showed dramatic modifications from 8 to 16 DAH. WRKY102 and WRKY21 had been up-regulated, and WRKY8 and WRKY64 were down-regulatedTable 1 DEGs encoding TFs differentially expressed in X11 vs. X7, X24 vs. X7, and X11 vs. X24 at eight DAH, 12 DAH and 16 DAHFamily 8 DAH X11 vs. X7 Up MYB GRAS bZIP AP2 GATA NAC MADS WRKY TCP 14 three two eight 0 0 1 10 0 Down six 1 three 8 0 0 1 six 0 X24 vs. X7 Up 9 0 0 five 0 0 0 3 0 Down 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 X11 vs. X24 Up four 2 0 two 0 0 1 6 0 Down 7 0 2 10 0 0 0 3 1 12 DAH X11 vs. X7 Up 6 1 2 five 0 0 0 7 0 Down 2 0 3 3 0 0 1 four 0 X24 vs. X7 Up 15 two 0 4 0 2 0 eight 1 Down 7 1 1 5 two 0 1 8 0 X11 vs. X24 Up 10 1 three eight 1 0 0 eight 0 Down 13 1 1 4 0 2 1 11 0 16 DAH X11 vs. X7 Up 12 0 0 1 0 0 2 six 0 Down 5 0 2 six 1 0 0 6 0 X24 vs. X7 Up 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Down 17 eight three 26 six 0 0 19 9 X11 vs. X24 Up 18 7 four 19 four 0 0 17 six Down three 0 0 1 0 0 1 3Numbers of DEGs encoding TFs differentially expressed with statistical significance (P-value 0.05 and |Log2foldchange(FC)| 1) are shown; Up: up-regulated; Down: down-regulatedXie et al. BMC Plant Biol(2021) 21:Page 12 ofFig. 7 Expression patterns of DEGHL encoding TFs obtained at eight DAH, 12 DAH and 16 DAH, which are shown as log2Foldchange levels. DEGHL had been differentially expressed with statistical significance (P-value 0.05 and |Log2foldchange(FC)| 1)at 8 DAH. WRKY116 and WRKY72 had been down-regulated at 12 DAH, and WRKY58, WRKY25 and WRKY76 have been down-regulated at 16 DAH. A variety of research have shown that the majority of WRKY family members are involved in response to biotic and/or abiotic stresses [547]. OsWRKY8, which was reported to be induced by ABA [58], was down-regulated at 8 DAH. OsWRKY76 [59], which was reported to become induced by ABA, was down-regulated at 12 DAH and 16 DAH. The outcomes indicated that OsWRKY8 and OsWRKY76 may possibly play regulating function at the entire grain filling stage by means of the interaction with ABA. Cga1 (GATA member) was reported to become induced the expression by gibberellin [60], it showed decreased expression at 16 DAH. These results recommended that TFs show distinct patterns at unique stages to regulate the improvement of caryopsis and chalkiness formation via the interactions with phytohormones.Differential gene expression of kinases interacted with phytohormones to regulate chalkiness formationSome protein kinases (PKs) are involved in HIV-2 Biological Activity phytohormonal signaling [61]. Plant AGC kinases mediate auxin signaling to regulate development and morphogenesis of plant [62]. TKL were reported to play crucial roles in plant response to several external signals [63]. For instance, the leucinerich repeat (LRR) receptor-like PKs BRI1 and BAK1 have been involved in BR signal transduction in Arabidopsis [64, 65]. Furthermore, OsRPK1 participated in ABA signaling pathway [66]. Many CDPKs had been shown to be vital components in abiotic pressure tolerance by modulating ABA.
