s did not present an effective instrument to resolve the developing imbalance involving CCR1 Purity & Documentation provide and CCR8 manufacturer demand of taxol but. At the moment, the needles of yew plants is one of the two most important sources for taxol and its precursor, as well as the other sources is Taxus suspension cell cultures [71]. So, looking for methods to enhance the taxol yield in needles of Taxus trees is also a feasible way to resolve the imbalance in the supply and demand of taxol. There are various endophytes in medicinal plants, and these endophytes are primarily exist in the intercellular space of plant tissues. Endophyte and its host plants formed a harmonious symbiotic partnership through the long-term co-evolution course of action. Specially, rising evidences showed that endophyte can straight and indirectly market the growth and secondary metabolites of its host plants through many strategies [124]. For instance, endophyte can induced the development of its host plants by straight producing plant growth hormone themselves [12], or indirectly by advertising its host plants capacity of nutrients absorption and anxiety resistance [13]. In addition, endophyte also can produce bioactive compounds that are the identical or equivalent for the secondary metabolites in its hosts [14]. Because the firstly reported taxol-producing endophytic fungus Taxomyce andreanae isolated from the bark of T. brevifolia in 1993 [6], about 200 endophytic fungus belonging to greater than 40 fungal genera had been reported to produce taxol till now [11, 15]. Zhou et al. [16]. identified three taxol-producing endophytic fungi from 38 endophytic fungal strains isolated from T. chinensis var. mairei by the aseptic strategy. Gangadevi and Muthumary [17] isolated a taxol-producing endophytic fungus Bartaliniarobil lardoides (strain AMB-9) from a medicinal plant Aegle marmelos. The yield of taxol of this stain attain to 187.6 g/L. Recently, El-Sayed et al. [18] immobilized Aspergillus fumigatus TXD105-GM6 and Alternaria tenuissima TER995-GM3 in calcium alginate beads forthe production of taxol in shake flask cultures, reaching to 4540.14 g/L by TXD105-GM6 and 2450.27 g/L by TER995-GM3, which is the highest report by academic laboratories for microbial cultures utilizing endophytic fungus for taxol production. Furthermore, endophyte can also produce specific chemicals as endophyte elicitors, which induce and stimulate the secondary metabolism of their hosts [19]. Hemmati et al. [20] screened endophytes from Catharanthus roseus, and identified that some endophytes could induce biosynthesis and accumulation of ajmalicine and vinblastine inside the host plants. Wang et al. [21] made use of endophytic fungus of Artemisia annua to prepare elicitors, which promoted the biosynthesis of artemisinin in host plants. Compared with the control, the yield of artemisinin elevated by more than 50 . Wang et al. [22] isolated an endophytic fungus, Aspergillus niger, in the inner bark of T. chinensis tree, could stimulate the taxol accumulation in T. chinensis cell suspension culture. RNA-seq, a cost-effective and hugely precise DNA sequencing technology, has been frequently used to evaluate the functional complexity of transcriptomes soon after treatments of numerous circumstances [23]. At present, RNA-seq has also been widely applied to investigating the taxol biosynthesis in various Taxus species, including tissuespecific transcriptomes [24], interspecific transcriptomics [25] and transcriptional profile response of elicitation with methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA) [26]. While, several
