Observed at the 39end of the NA, NP, and PA genes were checked carefully by visualization of the sequencing chromatograms.AcknowledgmentsWe thank Donald Chiang from Microbiology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore for helping with the MDCK-culture work.SequencingSequencing reactions were performed directly on non-purified amplicons, using BigDye Terminator v3.1 chemistry (Applied Biosystems). The 10 mL sequencing reaction is composed of 1.5 mL of 56 Buffer, 0.5 mmol/L of respective sequencing primer (Table 1), 1 mL of BigDye enzyme mix, and 1.25 mL of templateAuthor ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: HKL JWT ESK. Performed the experiments: HKL DHK. Analyzed the data: HKL DHK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ESK. Wrote the paper: HKL JWT DHK ESK.
Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative therapy with proven efficacy for the management of many hematologic malignancies and other life-threatening hematological diseases. However, the development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which is the main complication of HSCT, is a significant obstacle of allogenic HSCT [1]. Acute GVHD mainly affects the skin, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and lung. The development of GVHD requires escalated and prolonged immunosuppressive therapy with increased risk of infectious complications. Ultimately, GVHD increases the risk of fatal morbidities and moralities in HSCT recipients. Although successive improvementsin GVHD prevention have been achieved, complete protection from acute GVHD remains elusive. Acute GVHD (grades II V) occurs in 30?0 of patents after allogenic HSCT from human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-Tubastatin A site identical sibling donors [2]. Following the development of GVHD, complete remission has been observed in only 30 to 50 of patients with acute GVHD [3,4]. Knowledge of the immunobiology underlying GVHD has advanced by virtue of immunology research in animal models, as well as clinical observations. GVHD occurs as a result of T cell activation followed by alloreactive T cell expansion and differentiation [5]. Acute GVHD is considered a process driven mainly by T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 type immune responses. Th1 cellassociated cytokines involved in acute GVHD include interferonTherapeutic Efficacy of Curcumin in Acute GVHD(IFN)-c, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)a [6,7]. Th17 cells are IL-17 producing T helper cells that are a lineage of CD4+ effector T cells distinct from the Th1 and Th2 cell lineages. Th17 cells were found to have a direct role in the development of GVHD [8]. Adoptive transfer of in vitro-differentiated Th17 cells is capable of inducing lethal acute GVHD [9]. Acting opposite of Th1 and Th17 cells, there are regulatory T (Treg) cells. Several observational studies have shown that a decreased population of circulating Treg cells was observed in patients that developed acute GVHD, compared to those without acute GVHD [10,11]. Parallel to those findings, Treg cell expansion has been shown to be capable of reducing the severity of acute GVHD in murine acute GVHD models [12,13]. Although there has been great advances in understanding the pathophysiology of GVHD, current GVHD prophylaxis and treatment are still based on non-specific immunosuppressive drug therapy [14]. Curcumin is a naturally occurring polyphenolic phytochemical that is derived from the root of the I-BRD9 site turmeric plant Curcuna longa and is re.Observed at the 39end of the NA, NP, and PA genes were checked carefully by visualization of the sequencing chromatograms.AcknowledgmentsWe thank Donald Chiang from Microbiology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore for helping with the MDCK-culture work.SequencingSequencing reactions were performed directly on non-purified amplicons, using BigDye Terminator v3.1 chemistry (Applied Biosystems). The 10 mL sequencing reaction is composed of 1.5 mL of 56 Buffer, 0.5 mmol/L of respective sequencing primer (Table 1), 1 mL of BigDye enzyme mix, and 1.25 mL of templateAuthor ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: HKL JWT ESK. Performed the experiments: HKL DHK. Analyzed the data: HKL DHK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ESK. Wrote the paper: HKL JWT DHK ESK.
Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative therapy with proven efficacy for the management of many hematologic malignancies and other life-threatening hematological diseases. However, the development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which is the main complication of HSCT, is a significant obstacle of allogenic HSCT [1]. Acute GVHD mainly affects the skin, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and lung. The development of GVHD requires escalated and prolonged immunosuppressive therapy with increased risk of infectious complications. Ultimately, GVHD increases the risk of fatal morbidities and moralities in HSCT recipients. Although successive improvementsin GVHD prevention have been achieved, complete protection from acute GVHD remains elusive. Acute GVHD (grades II V) occurs in 30?0 of patents after allogenic HSCT from human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical sibling donors [2]. Following the development of GVHD, complete remission has been observed in only 30 to 50 of patients with acute GVHD [3,4]. Knowledge of the immunobiology underlying GVHD has advanced by virtue of immunology research in animal models, as well as clinical observations. GVHD occurs as a result of T cell activation followed by alloreactive T cell expansion and differentiation [5]. Acute GVHD is considered a process driven mainly by T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 type immune responses. Th1 cellassociated cytokines involved in acute GVHD include interferonTherapeutic Efficacy of Curcumin in Acute GVHD(IFN)-c, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)a [6,7]. Th17 cells are IL-17 producing T helper cells that are a lineage of CD4+ effector T cells distinct from the Th1 and Th2 cell lineages. Th17 cells were found to have a direct role in the development of GVHD [8]. Adoptive transfer of in vitro-differentiated Th17 cells is capable of inducing lethal acute GVHD [9]. Acting opposite of Th1 and Th17 cells, there are regulatory T (Treg) cells. Several observational studies have shown that a decreased population of circulating Treg cells was observed in patients that developed acute GVHD, compared to those without acute GVHD [10,11]. Parallel to those findings, Treg cell expansion has been shown to be capable of reducing the severity of acute GVHD in murine acute GVHD models [12,13]. Although there has been great advances in understanding the pathophysiology of GVHD, current GVHD prophylaxis and treatment are still based on non-specific immunosuppressive drug therapy [14]. Curcumin is a naturally occurring polyphenolic phytochemical that is derived from the root of the turmeric plant Curcuna longa and is re.
