Iation, we determined if the defect in differentiation could be rescued by re-introducing HP1a. We generated a siRNA-resistant GFP-HP1a fusion protein (GFPrHP1a) by mutating four nucleotides in the HP1asiRNA target sequence that conserved the amino acid sequence. Relative expression of GFP and GFP-rHP1a fusion protein are demonstrated by immunostaining 25033180 and Western blotting (Fig. 2 D E). siRNA oligonucleotides and GFP expressing plasmids (GFP or GFP-rHP1a) were co-transfected in C2C12 myoblasts and the cells were induced to differentiate. Differentiated cells were identified by Troponin C immunostaining (Fig. 2D). The percentage of Troponin C positive cells in GFP-rHP1a 
expressing cells was significantly higher as compared to GFP-only cells (60 vs. 22 , P = 0.007; Fig. 2E). These data demonstrate that HP1a is specifically required for skeletal muscle differentiation.HP1a-deficient Myocytes Demonstrate a Defect at the Committed Myoblast Stage with Reduced Myogenic Gene ExpressionTo determine the basis for the defect in myogenic differentiation created by HP1a deficiency, transcript levels of a panel of genes involved in myogenic differentiation were examined after HP1asiRNA Finafloxacin site transfection in C2C12 cells (Fig. 3A, B, C). Transcript levels of Pax7 and Myf-5 were minimally affected after HP1a knockdown while Lbx1, MyoD, MEF2C and myogenin levels were markedly decreased (Fig. 3A and B). Expression of Msx1, which is known to inhibit skeletal muscle differentiation through Lixisenatide site repression of myogenic genes including MyoD [20] was not altered significantly in HP1a eficient myoblasts. It has been proposed that the myogenic defect caused by depletion of HP1a might related to a failure to downregulate proliferation-associated genes [16], which is necessary for cell cycle exit during terminal differentiation. In contrast to this hypothesis, we detected a slight downregulation, not upregulation of E2F-dependent target genes after depleting HP1a (Fig. 3C). To further clarify the effect of depleting HP1a on cell proliferation, we assayed DNA synthesis using a novel thymidine analogue, 5-Ethynyl-29-deoxyuridine (EDU). C2C12 myoblasts transfected with NSsiRNA showed 51 of the cells incorporated EDU while depletion of HP1a decreased the number of EDU-labeled cells to 46 (Fig. 3D Fig. S2). This finding is consistent with expression levels of E2F-dependent genes in HP1a knockdown cells and confirms that the defect in myogenic differentiation observed in HP1 deficient cells is not a result of persistent expression of proliferation-associated genes. Consistent with our earlier results, C2C12 cells deficient for HP1b and -c expressed normal levels of myogenic genes (Fig. 3E). This defect in myogenic gene expression could be rescued by restoring HP1a expression. GFP or the siRNA-resistant GFP-rHP1a fusion protein was overexpressed in HP1asiRNA transfected cells and GFP-positive cells were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (Fig. S3). Lbx1 and MyoD mRNA levels were upregulated in GFP-rHP1a expressing cells compared to GFP-only expressing cells (Fig. 3F). These data suggest the effect of HP1a on skeletal muscle differentiation might be secondary to the direct regulation of myogenic gene transcription.Knockdown of HP1a, but not HP1b and HP1c, Blocks Skeletal Muscle DifferentiationTo determine the effects of depleting HP1 family members on skeletal muscle differentiation, we inhibited HP1 expression with oligonucleotide siRNAs to each of the individual.Iation, we determined if the defect in differentiation could be rescued by re-introducing HP1a. We generated a siRNA-resistant GFP-HP1a fusion protein (GFPrHP1a) by mutating four nucleotides in the HP1asiRNA target sequence that conserved the amino acid sequence. Relative expression of GFP and GFP-rHP1a fusion protein are demonstrated by immunostaining 25033180 and Western blotting (Fig. 2 D E). siRNA oligonucleotides and GFP expressing plasmids (GFP or GFP-rHP1a) were co-transfected in C2C12 myoblasts and the cells were induced to differentiate. Differentiated cells were identified by Troponin C immunostaining (Fig. 2D). The percentage of Troponin C positive cells in GFP-rHP1a expressing cells was significantly higher as compared to GFP-only cells (60 vs. 22 , P = 0.007; Fig. 2E). These data demonstrate that HP1a is specifically required for skeletal muscle differentiation.HP1a-deficient Myocytes Demonstrate a Defect at the Committed Myoblast Stage with Reduced Myogenic Gene ExpressionTo determine the basis for the defect in myogenic differentiation created by HP1a deficiency, transcript levels of a panel of genes involved in myogenic differentiation were examined after HP1asiRNA transfection in C2C12 cells (Fig. 3A, B, C). Transcript levels of Pax7 and Myf-5 were minimally affected after HP1a knockdown while Lbx1, MyoD, MEF2C and myogenin levels were markedly decreased (Fig. 3A and B). Expression of Msx1, which is known to inhibit skeletal muscle differentiation through repression of myogenic genes including MyoD [20] was not altered significantly in HP1a eficient myoblasts. It has been proposed that the myogenic defect caused by depletion of HP1a might related to a failure to downregulate proliferation-associated genes [16], which is necessary for cell cycle exit during terminal differentiation. In contrast to this hypothesis, we detected a slight downregulation, not upregulation of E2F-dependent target genes after depleting HP1a (Fig. 3C). To further clarify the effect of depleting HP1a on cell proliferation, we assayed DNA synthesis using a novel thymidine analogue, 5-Ethynyl-29-deoxyuridine (EDU). C2C12 myoblasts transfected with NSsiRNA showed 51 of the cells incorporated EDU while depletion of HP1a decreased the number of EDU-labeled cells to 46 (Fig. 3D Fig. S2). This finding is consistent with expression levels of E2F-dependent genes in HP1a knockdown cells and confirms that the defect in myogenic differentiation observed in HP1 deficient cells is not a result of persistent expression of proliferation-associated genes. Consistent with our earlier results, C2C12 cells deficient for HP1b and -c expressed normal levels of myogenic genes (Fig. 3E). This defect in myogenic gene expression could be rescued by restoring HP1a 
expression. GFP or the siRNA-resistant GFP-rHP1a fusion protein was overexpressed in HP1asiRNA transfected cells and GFP-positive cells were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (Fig. S3). Lbx1 and MyoD mRNA levels were upregulated in GFP-rHP1a expressing cells compared to GFP-only expressing cells (Fig. 3F). These data suggest the effect of HP1a on skeletal muscle differentiation might be secondary to the direct regulation of myogenic gene transcription.Knockdown of HP1a, but not HP1b and HP1c, Blocks Skeletal Muscle DifferentiationTo determine the effects of depleting HP1 family members on skeletal muscle differentiation, we inhibited HP1 expression with oligonucleotide siRNAs to each of the individual.