Of LAMP could contribute to the increased lysosomal stability observed in these cells. However, the lack of LAMP proteins did not significantly alter the sensitivity to oxidative stress-induced MedChemExpress ML-281 apoptosis or photo-oxidation in MEFs, whereas changes in lysosomal cholesterol had a profound effect. As cholesterol is an important component of all cellular membranes, including specialized lipid raft micro domains [34], modulation of cholesterol content has the ability to induce major changes in cell function. We suggest that cholesterol has an important additional role in the regulation of apoptosis sensitivity by acting at the level of permeabilization of the lysosome. In concordance with our results, Reiners et al. conclude that U18666A, as well as imipramine, suppresses apoptosis by inhibiting LMP [21]. We show that alterations in cholesterol load influences cellular sensitivity to MSDH- and oxidative stressinduced apoptosis. MSDH is an agent that specifically targets the lysosomal membrane and is therefore appropriate for studies of lysosomal membrane stability. Because MSDH is an unconventional apoptosis inducer, we have shown in earlier studies that lysosomal cholesterol also protects cells from death caused by the classical apoptosis inducers staurosporine and cisplatin [20]. If increased cellular cholesterol content exerts its protective activity at the lysosomes, apoptotic Terlipressin web signaling proceeding without lysosomal involvement should not be affected. Indeed, U18666A was shown to only protect from cell death induced by agents that signal apoptosis via LMP [21]. In NPC disease, all cells accumulate cholesterol in their lysosomes, but the major 
clinical symptoms are due to neuronal dysfunction. Therefore, we investigated the effect of U18666Ainduced cholesterol accumulation on apoptosis sensitivity in rat cortical neurons. In contrast to a previously published study [29], U18666A did not affect viability of cortical neurons in our experimental settings. Thus, cholesterol accumulation per se is not toxic to neurons, and cholesterol accumulation actually protected neurons from apoptosis induced by MSDH and oxidative stress. These results might seem contradictory, as NPC is a chronic neurodegenerative disease (i.e., associated with neuronal death). The reason for the neuronal vulnerability has not been elucidated, but neurons seem to be particularly susceptible to disturbances of lysosomal function [35,36], and cholesterol storage in lysosomes induces additional changes in the lysosomal system. In the brains of NPC12/2 mice, increased levels of cathepsins have been demonstrated [37]. Furthermore, in NPC-mutant cells, fusion and fission of late endosomes and lysosomes are reduced [38], and vesicle trafficking is impaired [39,40]. Although cholesterol accumulation confers protection toward acute stress, it remains likely that the associated additional disturbances in lysosomal function may have deleterious effects in the cell in the long run. Noteworthy, disruption of the lysosomal system is implicated in the development of many neurodegenerative disorders that also have a connection to altered cholesterol homeostasis, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases [35]. These disorders are characterized by selective vulnerability of specific brain areas to neurodegeneration and oxidative stress [41]. Interestingly, in cells adapted to chronic oxidative stress, resistance was associated with intracellular cholesterol accumulation. An.Of LAMP could contribute to the increased lysosomal stability observed in these cells. However, the lack of LAMP proteins did not significantly alter the sensitivity to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis or photo-oxidation in MEFs, whereas changes in lysosomal cholesterol had a profound effect. As cholesterol is an important component of all cellular membranes, including specialized lipid raft micro domains [34], modulation of cholesterol content has the ability to induce major changes in cell function. We suggest that cholesterol has an important additional role in the regulation of apoptosis sensitivity by acting at the level of permeabilization of the lysosome. In concordance with our results, Reiners et al. conclude that U18666A, as well as imipramine, suppresses apoptosis by inhibiting LMP [21]. We show that alterations in cholesterol load influences cellular sensitivity to MSDH- and oxidative stressinduced apoptosis. MSDH is an agent 
that specifically targets the lysosomal membrane and is therefore appropriate for studies of lysosomal membrane stability. Because MSDH is an unconventional apoptosis inducer, we have shown in earlier studies that lysosomal cholesterol also protects cells from death caused by the classical apoptosis inducers staurosporine and cisplatin [20]. If increased cellular cholesterol content exerts its protective activity at the lysosomes, apoptotic signaling proceeding without lysosomal involvement should not be affected. Indeed, U18666A was shown to only protect from cell death induced by agents that signal apoptosis via LMP [21]. In NPC disease, all cells accumulate cholesterol in their lysosomes, but the major clinical symptoms are due to neuronal dysfunction. Therefore, we investigated the effect of U18666Ainduced cholesterol accumulation on apoptosis sensitivity in rat cortical neurons. In contrast to a previously published study [29], U18666A did not affect viability of cortical neurons in our experimental settings. Thus, cholesterol accumulation per se is not toxic to neurons, and cholesterol accumulation actually protected neurons from apoptosis induced by MSDH and oxidative stress. These results might seem contradictory, as NPC is a chronic neurodegenerative disease (i.e., associated with neuronal death). The reason for the neuronal vulnerability has not been elucidated, but neurons seem to be particularly susceptible to disturbances of lysosomal function [35,36], and cholesterol storage in lysosomes induces additional changes in the lysosomal system. In the brains of NPC12/2 mice, increased levels of cathepsins have been demonstrated [37]. Furthermore, in NPC-mutant cells, fusion and fission of late endosomes and lysosomes are reduced [38], and vesicle trafficking is impaired [39,40]. Although cholesterol accumulation confers protection toward acute stress, it remains likely that the associated additional disturbances in lysosomal function may have deleterious effects in the cell in the long run. Noteworthy, disruption of the lysosomal system is implicated in the development of many neurodegenerative disorders that also have a connection to altered cholesterol homeostasis, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases [35]. These disorders are characterized by selective vulnerability of specific brain areas to neurodegeneration and oxidative stress [41]. Interestingly, in cells adapted to chronic oxidative stress, resistance was associated with intracellular cholesterol accumulation. An.
