Ficities that primarily target the virion-associated Env over corresponding soluble recombinant Env forms, and map outside the CD4-BS [36,50]. These types of antibodies recognize a AKT inhibitor 2 complex epitope within the V2 loop that is formed both by amino acids and glycan molecules [35]. MAbs PGT125-128 represent a second class of cross-neutralizing specificities that also recognize two conserved glycans on gp120 but target a complex epitope that includes the amino acid backbone of the V3 loop [37,38]. A known distinctive feature of the PG9/PG16 epitope-like specificities (as compared to the PGT-like epitope specificities) is the loss of neutralizing activity against kifunensine-treated viruses [36,51]. Kifunensine is a mannose analogue that inhibits type-I alphaglycosidases, and HIV virions produced by kifunensine-treated cells are resistant to neutralization by PG9 and PG16 [51]. However, this treatment does not affect substantially the neutralization of other broadly neutralizing mAbs, such as VRC01 or 2G12 (Figure 2) and others [29]. In addition, the neutralizing activity of the PGT125-128 MAbs (which recognize a conserved epitope in the V3 loop and associated carbohydrates) is not affected by such treatment [38]. As a negative control we included treatment with swainsonine, an enzyme that inhibits mannosidase-II, which others have reported that it does not abrogate neutralization by PG9 and PG16 [51]. Interestingly, swainsonine-treated HIV was more susceptible to PG9, PG16 and 2G12 than the untreated virus (Figure 2). We initially examined whether PG9/PG16-like neutralizing activities were present in AC053 plasma, by 1480666 comparing the neutralizing activity of this plasma using viruses produced in the absence or presence of kifunensine. PG9/16-like antibodies do not recognize the SF162 gp120 because it lacks glycans at position 160, which are necessary for PG9/16-Env binding [36,52]. ThisResults Plasma Neutralizing Activities of Subject ACTo determine how the epitope specificities of the broadly neutralizing antibody response evolved over time we focused our analysis on a single subject in the MGH cohort – AC053. Yearly plasma samples were available for AC053 starting 24272870 at 0.82 years to 6.85 years post infection, after which the subject initiated antiretroviral therapy. Previously, we characterized the development of the broadly neutralizing antibody response in this subject and demonstrated that at 3.29 years this subject’s plasma could neutralize 45 of the 20 cross-clade isolates tested, and at 5.31 years ?0 [14]. The cumulative IC50 titers at all time-points (the sum of the reciprocal dilutions to achieve 50 inhibition of infectivity) are shown in Figure 1. Initial epitope-mapping studies demonstrated that the broadly neutralizing antibody response of AC053 at 5.31 years was primarily focused on the CD4-BS as present on monomeric gp120 [14]. However, for some isolates tested (for example TRO.11, CAAN, and Zm214M), neutralizing activity of the plasma was unaffected by the depletion of antigp120 or anti-MPER antibodies. This led us to hypothesize that at least one additional antibody order Dimethylenastron specificity was present in that subject’s plasma; a specificity that targeted an epitope on the virion-associated Env, outside the CD4-BS. The availability of frequent and long-term available samples made this subject a convenient case to study the evolution of dual epitope specificities of the cross-reactive antibody response to HIV.Figure 1. Cumulative IC50 titers.Ficities that primarily target the virion-associated Env over corresponding soluble recombinant Env forms, and map outside the CD4-BS [36,50]. These types of antibodies recognize a complex epitope within the V2 loop that is formed both by amino acids and glycan molecules [35]. MAbs PGT125-128 represent a second class of cross-neutralizing specificities that also recognize two conserved glycans on gp120 but target a complex epitope that includes the amino acid backbone of the V3 loop [37,38]. A known distinctive feature of the PG9/PG16 epitope-like specificities (as compared to the PGT-like epitope specificities) is the loss of neutralizing activity against kifunensine-treated viruses [36,51]. Kifunensine is a mannose analogue that inhibits type-I alphaglycosidases, and HIV virions produced by kifunensine-treated cells are resistant to neutralization by PG9 and PG16 [51]. However, this treatment does not affect substantially the neutralization of other broadly neutralizing mAbs, such as VRC01 or 2G12 (Figure 2) and others [29]. In addition, the neutralizing activity of the PGT125-128 MAbs (which recognize a conserved epitope in the V3 loop and associated carbohydrates) is not affected by such treatment [38]. As a negative control we included treatment with swainsonine, an enzyme that inhibits mannosidase-II, which others have reported that it does not abrogate neutralization by PG9 and PG16 [51]. Interestingly, swainsonine-treated HIV was more susceptible to PG9, PG16 and 2G12 than the untreated virus (Figure 2). We initially examined whether PG9/PG16-like neutralizing activities were present in AC053 plasma, by 1480666 comparing the neutralizing activity of this plasma using viruses produced in the absence or presence of kifunensine. PG9/16-like antibodies do not recognize the SF162 gp120 because it lacks glycans at position 160, which are necessary for PG9/16-Env binding [36,52]. ThisResults Plasma Neutralizing Activities of Subject ACTo determine how the epitope specificities of the broadly neutralizing antibody response evolved over time we focused our analysis on a single subject in the MGH cohort – AC053. Yearly plasma samples were available for AC053 starting 24272870 at 0.82 years to 6.85 years post infection, after which the subject initiated antiretroviral therapy. Previously, we characterized the development of the broadly neutralizing antibody response in this subject and demonstrated that at 3.29 years this subject’s plasma could neutralize 45 of the 20 cross-clade isolates tested, and at 5.31 years ?0 [14]. The cumulative IC50 titers at all time-points (the sum of the reciprocal dilutions to achieve 50 inhibition of infectivity) are shown in Figure 1. Initial epitope-mapping studies demonstrated that the broadly neutralizing antibody response of AC053 at 5.31 years was primarily focused on the CD4-BS as present on monomeric gp120 [14]. However, for some isolates tested (for example TRO.11, CAAN, and Zm214M), neutralizing activity of the plasma was unaffected by the depletion of antigp120 or anti-MPER antibodies. This led us to hypothesize that at least one additional antibody specificity was present in that subject’s plasma; a specificity that targeted an epitope on the virion-associated Env, outside the CD4-BS. The availability of frequent and long-term available samples made this subject a convenient case to study the evolution of dual epitope specificities of the cross-reactive antibody response to HIV.Figure 1. Cumulative IC50 titers.
