Uttered disfluencies, as the reference): = -0.385 for CWNS girls, = -0.283 for CWNS boys and = -0.212 for CWS girls. Although statistically significant, it should be noted that the mean group difference in the frequency of non-stuttered disfluencies was only .86 (CWNS on average produced 3.05 non-stuttered disfluencies and CWS produced 3.91 ). Thus, this mean difference appears to be of minimal clinical significance. However, the fact that the difference between the two groups was statistically significant warranted further analyses. Specifically, we attempted to determine whether a cut-off score, rather than group means, might have a GS-5816 web stronger clinicalNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Pamapimod biological activity ManuscriptJ Commun Disord. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 May 01.Tumanova et al.Pagesignificance and be useful to augment, but not supplant, the presently used 3 stuttered disfluency classification criterion (see Section 3.4 for the details of these analyses).NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptFurther, regardless of talker group, children with lower EVT standard scores produced more non-stuttered disfluencies than children with higher EVT scores; moreover, older children produced more non-stuttered disfluencies. The beta weight for the main effect of EVT standard score was = -0.008 indicating that EVT standard score may have minimal clinical significance for the frequency of non-stuttered disfluencies. Similarly, the beta weight for the main effect of age was = .008, also suggesting that the effect of age may be of minimal clinical significance. 3.3.3. Total disfluencies (i.e., stuttered + non-stuttered disfluencies)–As might be expected based on group classification criteria, there was a significant main effect of group (Wald 2 = 499.68, df = 1, p < .0001) with CWS producing more total disfluencies than CWNS. There was also a significant main effect of gender (Wald 2 = 4.45, df = 1, p = .035) and GFTA standard score (Wald 2 = 4.33, df = 1, p = .037). The beta weights for the main effects of group and gender are as follows (with CWS boys, who produced the most total disfluencies, as the reference): = -1.198 for CWNS girls, = -1.104 for CWNS boys, and = -0.110 for CWS girls. The beta weight for the main effect of GFTA standard score was = .004 indicating minimal clinical significance of this variable for the total disfluency frequency, hence warranting no further consideration for the purposes of this study. There was no significant interaction between group and gender. No other covariates (PPVT, EVT, TELD receptive and expressive subtests standard scores or age) were significant in the model. Thus, hypothesis 2 and 3 were supported for total disfluencies. Mean between-group and between-gender differences on the three dependent variables are depicted in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. 3.4. Follow-up analysis: frequency of non-stuttered and total disfluencies as a predictor of talker group classification To determine whether children could be classified as CWS or CWNS based on the frequency of their non-stuttered disfluencies and their total disfluencies, two logistic regression models, models not impacted by non-normality of distribution, were fitted to the data. The talker group classification based on percent stuttered disfluencies and scores on SSI-3 was the dependent variable in both analyses. Findings indicated that the number of non-stuttered disfluencies is a sig.Uttered disfluencies, as the reference): = -0.385 for CWNS girls, = -0.283 for CWNS boys and = -0.212 for CWS girls. Although statistically significant, it should be noted that the mean group difference in the frequency of non-stuttered disfluencies was only .86 (CWNS on average produced 3.05 non-stuttered disfluencies and CWS produced 3.91 ). Thus, this mean difference appears to be of minimal clinical significance. However, the fact that the difference between the two groups was statistically significant warranted further analyses. Specifically, we attempted to determine whether a cut-off score, rather than group means, might have a stronger clinicalNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptJ Commun Disord. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 May 01.Tumanova et al.Pagesignificance and be useful to augment, but not supplant, the presently used 3 stuttered disfluency classification criterion (see Section 3.4 for the details of these analyses).NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptFurther, regardless of talker group, children with lower EVT standard scores produced more non-stuttered disfluencies than children with higher EVT scores; moreover, older children produced more non-stuttered disfluencies. The beta weight for the main effect of EVT standard score was = -0.008 indicating that EVT standard score may have minimal clinical significance for the frequency of non-stuttered disfluencies. Similarly, the beta weight for the main effect of age was = .008, also suggesting that the effect of age may be of minimal clinical significance. 3.3.3. Total disfluencies (i.e., stuttered + non-stuttered disfluencies)--As might be expected based on group classification criteria, there was a significant main effect of group (Wald 2 = 499.68, df = 1, p < .0001) with CWS producing more total disfluencies than CWNS. There was also a significant main effect of gender (Wald 2 = 4.45, df = 1, p = .035) and GFTA standard score (Wald 2 = 4.33, df = 1, p = .037). The beta weights for the main effects of group and gender are as follows (with CWS boys, who produced the most total disfluencies, as the reference): = -1.198 for CWNS girls, = -1.104 for CWNS boys, and = -0.110 for CWS girls. The beta weight for the main effect of GFTA standard score was = .004 indicating minimal clinical significance of this variable for the total disfluency frequency, hence warranting no further consideration for the purposes of this study. There was no significant interaction between group and gender. No other covariates (PPVT, EVT, TELD receptive and expressive subtests standard scores or age) were significant in the model. Thus, hypothesis 2 and 3 were supported for total disfluencies. Mean between-group and between-gender differences on the three dependent variables are depicted in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. 3.4. Follow-up analysis: frequency of non-stuttered and total disfluencies as a predictor of talker group classification To determine whether children could be classified as CWS or CWNS based on the frequency of their non-stuttered disfluencies and their total disfluencies, two logistic regression models, models not impacted by non-normality of distribution, were fitted to the data. The talker group classification based on percent stuttered disfluencies and scores on SSI-3 was the dependent variable in both analyses. Findings indicated that the number of non-stuttered disfluencies is a sig.
