Data integration and experimental validation, systems medicine is expected to be led by a team covering much broader range of expertise and requires large-scale interdisciplinary collaborative efforts from clinicians, patients, biomedical researchers, BAY 11-7085 site computational scientists, government, pharmaceutical industry and police makers. For example, a physician cannot make diagnostic decisions even if he/she is faced with thousands of data points of `omics data and clinical data. Multidisciplinary collaboration should utilize expertise from quantitative sciences to make the data readily accessible and easy to understand by physicians, and develop friendly computational tools for physicians to use the data. Also, sharing personal medical records will have great personal and societal benefits, but requires necessary ethical regulations, the cooperation of patients, and the participation of policymakers. As a practical example, an innovative integrated health system has been proposed to combat major non-communicable diseases (NCDs) (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, rheumatologic diseases and mental health) by using systems medicine approaches and strategic partnerships 107. It includes several key components, such as understanding environmental, genetic, and molecular determinants of the diseases; practice-based interprofessional collaboration; carefully phenotyped patients; development of unbiased and accurate biomarkers for comorbidities; etc. The strategy takes a holistic systems medicine approach to tackle NCDs as a common group of diseases, and is designed to allow the results to be used globally and also adapted to local needs and specificities. In short, the ultimate goal of systems medicine is to transform reactive medicine and healthcare to a P4 medicine that is predictive, preventive, personalized, and participatory 108, and provide a powerful approach to developing novel Mangafodipir (trisodium)MedChemExpress Mangafodipir (trisodium) therapeutic interventions and addressing major human diseases uniquely, efficiently, and with personalized precision. Conclusion Many diseases involve the complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors that are difficult to dissect using reductionist approaches. High-throughput technologies and predictive computational modeling drive the emergence and development of systems biology. Ever since its inception, the application of systems biology has penetrated biomedical disciplines rapidly, from basic research to human diseases and pharmacology. With the accumulation of individualized clinical measures, genetic variants and environmental data, systems biology is evolving from bench to bedside by integrating more types of heterogeneous data and recruiting diverse expertise from broader fields, which have promoted the emergence of systems medicine. Systems medicine aims to offer a powerful set of methodologies to improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis and to design personalized therapies to address the complexity of human diseases. Although systems medicine is in its early stages and faces many challenges, it will no doubt revolutionize the practice of medicine and healthcare.Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAcknowledgmentsThe authors wish to thank Stephanie Tribuna for expert assistance. This work was supported in part by NIH grants 1K08HL111207-01A1 (to BAM), and HL061795, HL108630 (MAPGen Consortium), HG007690 (to JL), and the Pulmonary Hypertension Association (to B.Data integration and experimental validation, systems medicine is expected to be led by a team covering much broader range of expertise and requires large-scale interdisciplinary collaborative efforts from clinicians, patients, biomedical researchers, computational scientists, government, pharmaceutical industry and police makers. For example, a physician cannot make diagnostic decisions even if he/she is faced with thousands of data points of `omics data and clinical data. Multidisciplinary collaboration should utilize expertise from quantitative sciences to make the data readily accessible and easy to understand by physicians, and develop friendly computational tools for physicians to use the data. Also, sharing personal medical records will have great personal and societal benefits, but requires necessary ethical regulations, the cooperation of patients, and the participation of policymakers. As a practical example, an innovative integrated health system has been proposed to combat major non-communicable diseases (NCDs) (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, rheumatologic diseases and mental health) by using systems medicine approaches and strategic partnerships 107. It includes several key components, such as understanding environmental, genetic, and molecular determinants of the diseases; practice-based interprofessional collaboration; carefully phenotyped patients; development of unbiased and accurate biomarkers for comorbidities; etc. The strategy takes a holistic systems medicine approach to tackle NCDs as a common group of diseases, and is designed to allow the results to be used globally and also adapted to local needs and specificities. In short, the ultimate goal of systems medicine is to transform reactive medicine and healthcare to a P4 medicine that is predictive, preventive, personalized, and participatory 108, and provide a powerful approach to developing novel therapeutic interventions and addressing major human diseases uniquely, efficiently, and with personalized precision. Conclusion Many diseases involve the complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors that are difficult to dissect using reductionist approaches. High-throughput technologies and predictive computational modeling drive the emergence and development of systems biology. Ever since its inception, the application of systems biology has penetrated biomedical disciplines rapidly, from basic research to human diseases and pharmacology. With the accumulation of individualized clinical measures, genetic variants and environmental data, systems biology is evolving from bench to bedside by integrating more types of heterogeneous data and recruiting diverse expertise from broader fields, which have promoted the emergence of systems medicine. Systems medicine aims to offer a powerful set of methodologies to improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis and to design personalized therapies to address the complexity of human diseases. Although systems medicine is in its early stages and faces many challenges, it will no doubt revolutionize the practice of medicine and healthcare.Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAcknowledgmentsThe authors wish to thank Stephanie Tribuna for expert assistance. This work was supported in part by NIH grants 1K08HL111207-01A1 (to BAM), and HL061795, HL108630 (MAPGen Consortium), HG007690 (to JL), and the Pulmonary Hypertension Association (to B.
