Oroxylin A mechanism of action VER-52296MedChemExpress Luminespib 102; p < 0.01, d = 0.47). Maternal iodine status was measured here by serum butanol-extractable iodine during pregnancy. Pop et al. [71] found that at 1 year of age, children of mothers with free thyroxine (fT4) between the 50th and 90th percentile at 12 weeks of gestation had a higher score than children of mothers with fT4 below the 10th percentile (Mean 105 vs. 95; p < 0.01, d = 0.66). The difference among the same children was also significant at 24 months of ageNutrients 2013,(Mean 106 vs. 98; p < 0.05, d = 0.53). Smit et al. [73] reported that euthyroid mothers during the first two trimesters had children with higher Bayley mental scores (Mean 112.4 vs. 95.7; p < 0.05, d = 1.04 at 6 months; Mean 123.5 vs. 107.8; p < 0.05, d = 0.97 at 12 months). Li et al. [67] in China found a difference between children from hypothyroid and euthyroid mothers between 25 and 30 months (Mean 111.1 vs. 120.2; p not reported, d = 0.75). Costeira et al. [66] in Portugal found differences in children of 12 months but not at 24 months as a function of their mother's level of fT3 during pregnancy (Mean 77.7 vs. 99.3; p < 0.05, d = 1.2 for 12 months; Mean 91.1 vs. 100.7; ns, d = 0.52 for 24 months). Although other comparisons were made based on other maternal indicators at different trimesters, approximately half of the comparisons were significantly different. Riano Galan et al. [47] found a difference on the overall McCarthy scales for children of mothers with urinary iodine excretion (UIE) above and below the cut-off (Mean 105.5 vs. 97.2; p < 0.05, d = 0.64); this difference was reflected in verbal but not non-verbal scores. Similarly when these same children were stratified base on their mothers' consumption or not of iodized salt, children of mothers who used iodized salt had higher McCarthy scores; given that these are the same children simply grouped in an overlapping manner, their effect size will not be counted twice in the final tally. However, Murcia et al. [48] reported that children of iodine-sufficient and deficient mothers in the first trimester of pregnancy, based on UIE, had similar mental development scores (Mean 100.38 vs. 99.10; p not reported, d = -0.09). Oken et al. [49] also found that scores did not differ between children of mothers with T4 in the highest decile and children of mothers with T4 in the lowest decile in the first trimester of pregnancy (the report provided only one mean for the entire sample, 62.9; So we estimated d at 0.10). Similarly, Pop et al. [70] found no differences on the mental Bayley test between children whose mothers were deficient at 12 weeks of pregnancy, using 10th percentile for fT4, compared to those whose mothers were greater than the cut-off (estimated Mean 110 vs. 115; p not reported, d = 0.33). A study by Radetti et al. [72] in Italy treated iodine-deficient mothers during pregnancy and found that their children did not differ from euthyroid mothers at 9 months of age (d = -0.08). This study will not be included in our summary of the section. Unlike other studies in this section, mothers here were treated and their children compared with a normal group; consequently to test the efficacy of the treatment, the authors expected and found no difference between the children of treated mothers and children of normal mothers. Thus, the overall effect size from these nine studies with 14 comparisons was 0.52, with a range of -0.09 to 1.2 (Figure 3). The difference between groups was therefore 7.8 IQ point.102; p < 0.01, d = 0.47). Maternal iodine status was measured here by serum butanol-extractable iodine during pregnancy. Pop et al. [71] found that at 1 year of age, children of mothers with free thyroxine (fT4) between the 50th and 90th percentile at 12 weeks of gestation had a higher score than children of mothers with fT4 below the 10th percentile (Mean 105 vs. 95; p < 0.01, d = 0.66). The difference among the same children was also significant at 24 months of ageNutrients 2013,(Mean 106 vs. 98; p < 0.05, d = 0.53). Smit et al. [73] reported that euthyroid mothers during the first two trimesters had children with higher Bayley mental scores (Mean 112.4 vs. 95.7; p < 0.05, d = 1.04 at 6 months; Mean 123.5 vs. 107.8; p < 0.05, d = 0.97 at 12 months). Li et al. [67] in China found a difference between children from hypothyroid and euthyroid mothers between 25 and 30 months (Mean 111.1 vs. 120.2; p not reported, d = 0.75). Costeira et al. [66] in Portugal found differences in children of 12 months but not at 24 months as a function of their mother's level of fT3 during pregnancy (Mean 77.7 vs. 99.3; p < 0.05, d = 1.2 for 12 months; Mean 91.1 vs. 100.7; ns, d = 0.52 for 24 months). Although other comparisons were made based on other maternal indicators at different trimesters, approximately half of the comparisons were significantly different. Riano Galan et al. [47] found a difference on the overall McCarthy scales for children of mothers with urinary iodine excretion (UIE) above and below the cut-off (Mean 105.5 vs. 97.2; p < 0.05, d = 0.64); this difference was reflected in verbal but not non-verbal scores. Similarly when these same children were stratified base on their mothers' consumption or not of iodized salt, children of mothers who used iodized salt had higher McCarthy scores; given that these are the same children simply grouped in an overlapping manner, their effect size will not be counted twice in the final tally. However, Murcia et al. [48] reported that children of iodine-sufficient and deficient mothers in the first trimester of pregnancy, based on UIE, had similar mental development scores (Mean 100.38 vs. 99.10; p not reported, d = -0.09). Oken et al. [49] also found that scores did not differ between children of mothers with T4 in the highest decile and children of mothers with T4 in the lowest decile in the first trimester of pregnancy (the report provided only one mean for the entire sample, 62.9; So we estimated d at 0.10). Similarly, Pop et al. [70] found no differences on the mental Bayley test between children whose mothers were deficient at 12 weeks of pregnancy, using 10th percentile for fT4, compared to those whose mothers were greater than the cut-off (estimated Mean 110 vs. 115; p not reported, d = 0.33). A study by Radetti et al. [72] in Italy treated iodine-deficient mothers during pregnancy and found that their children did not differ from euthyroid mothers at 9 months of age (d = -0.08). This study will not be included in our summary of the section. Unlike other studies in this section, mothers here were treated and their children compared with a normal group; consequently to test the efficacy of the treatment, the authors expected and found no difference between the children of treated mothers and children of normal mothers. Thus, the overall effect size from these nine studies with 14 comparisons was 0.52, with a range of -0.09 to 1.2 (Figure 3). The difference between groups was therefore 7.8 IQ point.
