N, given the geographic distance/barriers involvedFigure 2. Breeds examined as possible sources of the mutations in BMP15 (FecXG, FecXB) and GDF9 (FecGH) in Belclare and Cambridge sheep and sources identified (indicated by mutations associated with arrows). The Hyper-prolific ewes served as a proxy for the High Fertility line used in the development of the Belclare. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053172.gOrigins of BMP15 and GDF9 Mutations in Sheepand the absence of phylogeographic evidence for any recent connection between British breeds and native Chinese breeds. The identification of FecXB and FecGH in the sample of HP animals from the commercial sheep population in Ireland and the presence of both FecXG and FecGH mutations in the Lleyn breed is of relevance to the sheep industry and may warrant a larger study into the frequency of these mutations on farms and the implications for national genetic evaluation programmes.hyper-prolific ewes and facilitated collection of blood samples; Eithne Powell and Bart Crowley for their assistance in DNA preparation and analysis; and Tom Lally and Henry Walsh for sample collection. Finally, we acknowledge the assistance and guidance received from Dr. Susan M. Galloway in connection with much of the work reported herein.Author ContributionsConceived and MedChemExpress CAL 120 designed the experiments: MPM JPH RP. Performed the experiments: MPM DJH. Analyzed the data: MPM JPH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RP. Wrote the paper: MPM JPH.AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank: the Lleyn Sheep Society Ltd. and the breeders who allowed access to animals; the Irish farmers who identified
One of the deadliest infectious diseases in the world is caused by the protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium, with P. falciparum causing the most severe form of malaria. The complex 18325633 life cycle of the parasite requires reciprocal transmission between the mosquito vector and the human host. The parasite’s life style imposes constant developmental changes to survive within a selective and changing host environment. Hence, gene expression in the parasite is tightly regulated (reviewed in [1]). Recent studies have revealed the importance of histone post translational modification (PTM) in the regulation of gene expression in asexual intraerythrocytic parasite [2?]. In particular gene expression of clonally variant virulence gene families are controlled by specific histone acetylation and methylation marks [3,6]. Results obtained from model organisms showed that distinct histone PTM Asiaticoside A web create specific chromatin sites that influence many fundamental biological processes ranging from gene activation to DNA repair and cell division [10]. The enzymes involved in the histone mark `writing’ process and proteins that recognize specific histone marks (`reader’ proteins) are current targets for small molecule intervention strategies in cancer and microbial disease [11]. In particular,histone acetylase and deacetylase have been validated as prime targets with a number of specific inhibitors capable of blocking cellular proliferation 11967625 in various organisms including apicomplexan parasites [12,13]. A phosphorylation modification can spatially and temporally regulate a target protein. Reversible histone phosphorylation has been associated with mitosis, chromosome condensation, DNA replication, transcription activation, apoptosis, cellular response to stress and DNA damage, depending on the context and site of this modification (reviewed in [14.N, given the geographic distance/barriers involvedFigure 2. Breeds examined as possible sources of the mutations in BMP15 (FecXG, FecXB) and GDF9 (FecGH) in Belclare and Cambridge sheep and sources identified (indicated by mutations associated with arrows). The Hyper-prolific ewes served as a proxy for the High Fertility line used in the development of the Belclare. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053172.gOrigins of BMP15 and GDF9 Mutations in Sheepand the absence of phylogeographic evidence for any recent connection between British breeds and native Chinese breeds. The identification of FecXB and FecGH in the sample of HP animals from the commercial sheep population in Ireland and the presence of both FecXG and FecGH mutations in the Lleyn breed is of relevance to the sheep industry and may warrant a larger study into the frequency of these mutations on farms and the implications for national genetic evaluation programmes.hyper-prolific ewes and facilitated collection of blood samples; Eithne Powell and Bart Crowley for their assistance in DNA preparation and analysis; and Tom Lally and Henry Walsh for sample collection. Finally, we acknowledge the assistance and guidance received from Dr. Susan M. Galloway in connection with much of the work reported herein.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: MPM JPH RP. Performed the experiments: MPM DJH. Analyzed the data: MPM JPH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RP. Wrote the paper: MPM JPH.AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank: the Lleyn Sheep Society Ltd. and the breeders who allowed access to animals; the Irish farmers who identified
One of the deadliest infectious diseases in the world is caused by the protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium, with P. falciparum causing the most severe form of malaria. The complex 18325633 life cycle of the parasite requires reciprocal transmission between the mosquito vector and the human host. The parasite’s life style imposes constant developmental changes to survive within a selective and changing host environment. Hence, gene expression in the parasite is tightly regulated (reviewed in [1]). Recent studies have revealed the importance of histone post translational modification (PTM) in the regulation of gene expression in asexual intraerythrocytic parasite [2?]. In particular gene expression of clonally variant virulence gene families are controlled by specific histone acetylation and methylation marks [3,6]. Results obtained from model organisms showed that distinct histone PTM create specific chromatin sites that influence many fundamental biological processes ranging from gene activation to DNA repair and cell division [10]. The enzymes involved in the histone mark `writing’ process and proteins that recognize specific histone marks (`reader’ proteins) are current targets for small molecule intervention strategies in cancer and microbial disease [11]. In particular,histone acetylase and deacetylase have been validated as prime targets with a number of specific inhibitors capable of blocking cellular proliferation 11967625 in various organisms including apicomplexan parasites [12,13]. A phosphorylation modification can spatially and temporally regulate a target protein. Reversible histone phosphorylation has been associated with mitosis, chromosome condensation, DNA replication, transcription activation, apoptosis, cellular response to stress and DNA damage, depending on the context and site of this modification (reviewed in [14.
